Mandan Indians Essay Example For Students

Mandan Indians Essay Mandan IndiansThe Mandan Indians were a little, tranquil clan situated at the mouth of the Knife River on the Missouri close to introduce day Bismarck, North Dakota. The Mandan were generally known for their kind disposition and their homes, called earth lodges. The ladies of the Mandan clan tended their nurseries, arranged food, and kept up lodges while the men invested their energy chasing or looking for otherworldly information. The Mandan Indians performed numerous services, for example, the Buffalo Dance and the Okipa Ceremony that have been the focal point of extraordinary enthusiasm to numerous students of history. The Mandan are additionally a significant piece of history since Lewis and Clark went through their first winter with these individuals and met Sacagawea, who helped direct them for the remainder of their excursion west. Mandan towns were the focal point of the social, otherworldly, and monetary existences of the Mandan Indians. Towns were deliberately situated on feigns ignoring the waterway for resistance purposes, constraining assaults to one land approach. The Mandan lived in earth lodges, which are very enormous, round cottages that are 15 feet high and 40-60 feet in width. Every hovel had a vestibule entrance, much like the example of an Eskimo igloo, and a square opening on top, which filled in as a smokestack. Each earth stop housed 10-30 individuals and their things, and towns contained 50-120 earth lodges. The edge of an earth hold up was produced using tree trunks, which were secured with confounded willow branches. Over the branches they set soil and grass, which authored the term earth hold up. This sort of development made the rooftops sufficiently able to help individuals on evenings of good climate. The floors of earth lodges were made of soil and the center was uncovered to make a seat around the external edge of the hotel. Including the town were barricades of posts as tall as six feet high to forestall adversary assaults. In a Mandan town was an enormous, roundabout, open space that was known as the focal court. In the square was a hallowed cedar post that spoke to the Lone Man, a legend to the Mandan. At the North finish of the court was the medication or formal cabin. The course of action of earth holds up around the focal court spoke to the economic wellbeing of every family. Townspeople who had significant stately obligations were found nearer to the court than the individuals who were most certainly not. The rich, floodplain handle that encompassed the town made horticulture the premise of Mandan presence. On getting ready food and looking after hotels, supporting nurseries was the undertaking of ladies inside the town. The farming year started in April when ladies would clear the fields by consuming the old stalks and weeds of the earlier years crops. Around May they planted lines of corn, beans, tobacco, pumpkin, sunflowers and squash opposite to the sun with the goal that the harvests would get the most daylight. To tend their nurseries, ladies utilized instruments, for example, a burrowing stick, rake, and digger made out of wood or wild ox bones. Mandan gardens had numerous foes, including grassland pooches, winged creatures, and little rodents. So as to shield their nurseries from these predators they regularly developed scarecrows out of wild ox cover up. Another way Mandan ladies attempted to secure their nurseries was by rehearsing ceremonies that approached the heavenly for help. Frequently, ladies performed every day purging customs before entering their nurseries by scouring sage over their bodies, which they accepted would shield their yields from worms and malady. Gathering started in late August with squash and finished in October with corn. After gather, ladies would dry the corn in platforms that were worked over the ground. After the corn was dry, ladies picked the seeds that they would use for the following years garden and the rest was covered with other dried nursery things in reserves (underground stockpiling pits) to safeguard them through the winter. These stores were sufficiently profound to require a stepping stool and regularly took a few days to manufacture. When they were assembled they were fixed with grass and wild ox cover up. The dried corn, squash, and sunflowers were set inside. In what manner Can Artificial Intelligence Help Us? Article This man was known as the Okipa Maker and so as to support such a function he should collect an immense measure of merchandise, which would thusly be parted with during the service. The Okipa Maker relied upon his family and faction to help give the merchandise expected to this occasion. Previously and during the function little youngsters who wished to become men inside the town persevered through significant stretches of fasting during which a little youngster wanted to be visited by a soul, in creature structure, who might give him force and guide him through life. The idea of their vision was accounted for to older folks to decide their job inside the town. After the vision, the youngsters picked a relative to slice gaps through the skin on their chest and embedded two sticks, joined to a long bit of cover up, that would suspend him noticeable all around from the focal light emissions medication stop. When the kid was rendered oblivious, he was brought down to the ground to recover cognizance without provocation from others. The target of the function was to test a keeps an eye on perseverance and solidarity to guarantee he was in reality deserving of turning into a warrior. The Mandan Indians are likewise known for the way that Lewis and Clark spent their first winter among these individuals. Lewis and Clark showed up in the Mandan town in November of 1804 following 1,600 miles and 164 days of voyaging and inside about a month built Fort Mandan, which they named after their Indian companions. Lewis and Clark remained with the Mandans for five months during which time they met a hide dealer named Toussaint Charbonneau, his Shoshoni spouse Sacagawea, and their newborn child Jean Baptiste. Sacagaweas country was in the Rocky Mountains, in all probability close to introduce day Lehmi, Idaho, yet she had been abducted when she was twelve years of age and after five years was offered to Charbonneau. Lewis and Clark recruited Charbonneau and his better half as translators and advisers for assist them with intersection the western mountains. Sacagawea ended up being extremely helpful to Lewis and Clarks campaign with her mind boggling ability to know east from west and by encouraging the 33-part bunch how to discover wild food, for example, artichokes, carrots and potatoes. She likewise patched their apparel with string and a needle made out of flying creature bone. When the outing was finished she had made 338 sandals for the men of the undertaking. Contact with Europeans in the late 1700s put the Mandan facing sickness, a foe they couldn't battle. Little pox constrained the Mandan to move to Fort Berthhold Indian Reservation, alongside their neighbors the Arikaras and the Hidatsas, who were additionally tormented with ailment. Right up 'til today numerous Mandan Indians live close Mandan, North Dakota directly over the Missouri River from Bismarck, North Dakota. Consistently the Mandan Indians and a few other region clans have a pow wow where they perform moves and sell gems and nourishment for crowds from all around the globe. Fortification Lincoln State Park Mandan Village is a recreation center found simply outside Mandan that has a little town of genuine earth holds up that guests can stroll into and see. Guests feel like they have been reclaimed into a piece of history since all the things one would have found during that time are in the hotels. One cabin even has a man (not genuine) dangling from the rafters speaking to the Okipa Ceremony. The recreation center is a really astounding sight to see and keeps the memory fit as a fiddle about the Mandan Indians legacy and lifestyle.

Haitian Cultural Interview free essay sample

In the event that it is discovered that cheating as well as literary theft took place in the composition of this paper, I comprehend the potential results of the demonstration/s, which could incorporate ejection from Indiana Wesleyan University. Joseph ElmsApril 9, 2013 Cultural Interview The motivation behind this paper is to talk about a meeting which occurred with an individual of an alternate culture who has lived in the United States for a time of five years or less. The thought behind the meeting was to increase a more profound comprehension of that person’s culture just as their strict convictions, wellbeing, political perspectives, family, and method of conveying. My meeting occurred at the medical clinic where I as of now work, in a lounge after the finish of my day of work with P. O. , a doctor who joined our association in July of 2012. P. O. goes to our office subsequent to finishing a multi year pediatric residency in Chicago. Before his pediatric residency, P. O. lived in Haiti where he additionally finished a multi year careful residency, at State University of Haiti Hospital, Port-au-Prince. Socially remarkable individual: My meeting started after a concise discussion with P. O. o talk about with him the subtleties of the task and to address any inquiries he may have in regards to the meeting. I messaged P. O. prior in the week to affirm our gathering spot and time, and needed to ensure he was sure about the reason for the meeting, since the entirety of our earlier discussions were examined by means of email. He guaranteed me that he comprehended and the meeting started. I started the meeting with asking P. O. to reveal to me a little about himself, for example, where he was conceived, and to what extent he had lived in the United States. P. O. answered that he was conceived in Port-de-Paix, Haiti, and had lived in the United States for just about 5 years (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). He disclosed to me that directly after his moving to the United States, he and his better half lived for a brief timeframe in Tampa, Florida with a portion of his loved ones while searching for a spot to live in Chicago. Correspondence: P. O. talks with a solid resounding sound. His articulation and articulation are slurred and frequently hard to comprehend. While he speaks English, it is difficult to comprehend, and I wound up requesting him to rehash himself on various events. He stops regularly all through our discussion, as though he is uncertain of how to impart his musings to me in English. I asked him what language he frequently likes to talk and his reaction was, â€Å"French or Haitian Creole† (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). He referenced that speaking â€Å"French† is viewed as progressively high class and upscale, and to speak Creole is viewed as a lower class language (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). I do review perusing that â€Å"Haitian Creole is the language of the provincial or poor population† and â€Å"French is the official national language and is comprehended and spoken uniquely by the upper or well off class† (Giger, 2013, p. 489). During our discussion, P. O. utilized continuous hand developments and motions when talking and I read that â€Å"Haitians every now and again use hand signals to supplement their speech† (Giger, 2013, p. 489). P. O. looked at me during the posing of my inquiries, and frequently utilized misrepresented outward appearances with the vast majority of his words. While most Haitians tend to not look (Colin, n. d. , p. 12), I thought about whether perhaps the explanation P. O. did was a direct result of his day by day managing patients, and having been in the nation for a couple of years. Space: Having worked with P. O. all the time, I’ve regularly saw his utilization of individual space when chatting with a patient and got some information about this during the meeting. He reacted by disclosing to me that multiple occasions how close he gets to a patient or their family, relies upon how tolerating they appear to him (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). Normally, he answered that he remains around 2-3 feet from a patient or a patient’s family when chatting with them. At the point when I asked him how close he stands when talking with relatives, collaborators, or others that he knows about, he expressed that he for the most part stands nearer to them, since he knows how they react. As indicated by Cook Ross (2010), contact for some, Haitians is regular practice and P. O. states that in the event that he touches a patient during his discussion, it is delicate and just to emphasize what he is stating or to offer help (P. O. ersonal correspondence, April 4, 2013). Social association: P. O. states that he is in an extraordinary condition of wellbeing; that he turns out to be every day, and cherishes hitting the dance floor with his better half. He jumps at the chance to â€Å"hang out† with companions, family, and going to shows. He is hitched, has two youngsters, one little girl who is 12, and one child who is 7. His dad s pent away a few years back, and just his mom is living (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). At the point when I asked him what it was that caused him to choose to turn into a doctor, he disclosed to me that it was a direct result of his dad. His dad was a doctor in the Army; extremely humane and mindful, and somebody he needed to display his life after (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). His connection between his dad and mom was mindful and steady and they generally urged him to look for after his objectives, and be as well as could be expected be. He coexisted incredible with his 4 sisters while growing up and keeps on staying in touch with them (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). I wasn’t precisely sure how to ask P. O. about his faith in a Supreme Being, for the most part since I had an inclination that I was at that point attacking his way of life. It was interesting in light of the fact that I had duplicated the inquiries for the meeting and made them sit before me to make it simpler to take notes. P. O. as a matter of fact took the paper from the table and began to recite the inquiries so anyone can hear and posed to the inquiry concerning his faith in â€Å"Supreme Being† himself. His reaction was that he believes in a more powerful; he is catholic and goes to chapel with his family when practical, however that relies upon what hours he is working at the emergency clinic (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). As we moved toward the subject of political perspectives, he shared that he truly doesn’t have any â€Å"set† sees. He evidently isn’t ready to cast a ballot in the United States yet so he said that he doesn’t feel a lot of an effect or have solid emotions towards governmental issues (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). Time: P. O. is a brief individual and names himself as a present-arranged individual, giving his best to keep a shot calendar however much as could be expected consistently. He frequently attempts to get 8 hours of rest a night, however this is all subject to whether he is â€Å"on-call† and the amount he needs to do when he returns home (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2012). Ecological Control: As our meeting proceeded, I began the following area of inquiries with posing to P. O. about his â€Å"locus-of-control† and whether he would see himself as more inside or remotely engaged. He expressed that he accepts that he is all the more inside centered and concurs that â€Å"the capacity to influence change lies within† (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). We quickly talked about powerful powers, and P. O. referenced that while he by and by doesn't trust in powerful powers, most of the Haitian populace has confidence in some type of â€Å"supernatural force†, and many keep on rehearsing Voodoo. I looked into this act of Voodoo somewhat more after the meeting and discovered that numerous individuals accept that the explanation that Haiti keeps on being so poor is a consequence of their Voodoo rehearses. Adam M. McGee says, â€Å"Vodou is every now and again conjured as a reason for Haiti’s proceeded with impoverishment. While insightful contentions have been progressed for why this is false, Vodou is tenaciously tormented by a poor reputation† (McGee, 2012). In the wake of talking about the issue of Voodoo and powerful powers, we changed towards less extraordinary themes, for example, neighborliness in Haiti and how Americans may think about. P. O. tated that while America is by all accounts inviting, they are not at all like Haiti. He expressed that he and his better half used to go out in Haiti constantly, and that loved ones would simply travel every which way as they please†¦they were consistently welcome. In the US, on the off chance that you do that you could have terrible things happen to your home and family (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). We proceeded for a couple of more minutes talking about neighborliness in the United States and how it varies from north to south, and afterward progressed into how his folks used to treat affliction when it was in their home. P. O. referenced that his mom would utilize natural solutions for him and his sisters now and again when he was more youthful, but since his dad was a doctor, they utilized increasingly conventional methods of treating affliction with medication and anti-infection agents (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 203). P. O. expressed that that the main genuine home grown cure that he despite everything utilizes now and again, is a kind of tea blend that he makes when he has an irritated throat (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). I proceeded with my inquiries in regards to his wellbeing and posed to him what his meaning of â€Å"good health† would be? He reacted that â€Å"good health† is only that, it is being in a condition of good wellbeing, while â€Å"poor health† he considers as somebody who is delicate and close to death (P. O. individual correspondence, April 4, 2013). I at that point got some information about what sicknesses or diseases were basic to his family, and he inquired as to whether I met by and by or socially. I reacted that I wasn’t sure, so he answered that socially speaking†¦hypertension, heart issues, significant contamination, and diabetes, a

Tate 2, the Sequel - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Tate 2, the Sequel - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Tate 2, the Sequel I needed to get out of the office today, and walked down to the center of campus to clear my mind. I went inside the Tate Student Center for a snack, and noticed that the walkway to the new wing of the Tate Center, known at this time as Tate 2, was open. Yes, as big as this construction project is, I still missed the actual grand opening! If you are visiting campus in the near future, this is one place you have to visit. It is in the center of campus, right next to the Miller Learning Center, and it looks amazing. For a better view, take a look at the Tate 2 website. And while I do not recommend any restaurant over another in Athens, a good friend of the family, Davis Fleming, would eat every meal at Barberitos if he could, and now he has one when he visits campus.

How to Improve Your English

Each learner has different objectives  and, therefore, different approaches to learning English. But some tips and tools are likely to help most English learners. Lets begin with the three most important rules:   Rule 1: Be PatientLearning English is a Process The most important rule to remember is that learning English  is a process. It takes time, and it takes lots of patience! If you are patient, you will improve your English.   Rule 2: Make a Plan The most important thing to do is to create a plan and follow that plan. Start with your English learning goals, and then make a specific plan to succeed. Patience is key to improving your English, so go slowly and focus on your goals. Youll speak English well soon if you keep to the plan. Rule 3: Make Learning English a Habit Its absolutely necessary that learning English becomes a habit. In other words, you should work on your English every day. Its not necessary to study grammar every day. However, you should listen, watch, read or speak English every day - even if its for a short period of time. Its much better to learn 20 minutes a day than to study for two hours twice a week. Tips for Learning and Improving Your English Have patience: Remember that learning a language is a gradual process—it does not happen overnight.Define your learning objectives early: What do you want to learn and why?Make learning a habit:  Try to learn something every day. It is much better to study (or read, or listen to English news, etc.) 10 minutes each day than to study for 2 hours once a week.Choose your materials well:  You will need reading, grammar, writing, speaking and listening materials.Vary your learning routine:  It is best to do different things each day to help keep the various relationships between each area active. In other words, dont just study grammar.Find friends: Finding friends to study and speak with in invaluable and learning English together can be very encouraging.Keep it interesting: Choose listening and reading materials that relate to what you are interested in. Being interested in the subject will make learning more enjoyable - thus more effective.Relate grammar to practical usage: Grammar by itself does not help you USE the language. You should practice what you are learning by employing it actively.Use reading to help with other English skills:  Reading can be used to help with vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and much more.  Flex your mouth muscles: Understanding something doesnt mean the muscles of your mouth can produce the sounds. Practice speaking what you are learning aloud. It may seem strange, but it is very effective. Exercises like  tongue twisters can help improve your flexibility.Communicate: Grammar exercises are great, but having your friend on the other side of the world understand your email is fantastic!Use the Internet:  The Internet is the most exciting, unlimited English resource that anyone could imagine and it is right at your fingertips.

Ethical Hacker - 5200 Words

Page  Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures http://www.eccouncil.org EC-Council Certified C EH Ethical Hacker EC-Council TM Page  http://www.eccouncil.org Hackers are here. Where are you? Computers around the world are systematically being victimized by rampant hacking. This hacking is not only widespread, but is being executed so flawlessly that the attackers compromise a system, steal everything of value and completely erase their tracks within 20 minutes. The goal of the ethical hacker is to help the organization take preemptive measures against malicious attacks by attacking the system himself; all the while staying within legal limits. This philosophy stems from the proven practice of trying to catch a†¦show more content†¦How Do They Go About It? Approaches to Ethical Hacking Ethical Hacking Testing Ethical Hacking Deliverables Computer Crimes and Implications Legal Perspective (U.S. Federal Law) Section 1029 and Penalties Section 1030 and Penalties Japan Cyber Laws United Kingdom Cyber Laws Australia Cyber Laws Germany’s Cyber Laws Singapore’s Cyber Laws Summary Page  Module: Footprinting Scenario Module Objectives Revisiting Reconnaissance Defining Footprinting Information Gathering Methodology Unearthing Initial Information Finding Company’s URL Internal URL Extracting Archive of a Website Google Search for Company’s Info People Search Footprinting through Job Sites Passive Information Gathering Competitive Intelligence Gathering Public and Private Websites http://www.eccouncil.org EC-Council DNS Enumerator SpiderFoot (http://www.binarypool.com/spiderfoot/) Sensepost Footprint Tools (www.sensepost.com/research/bidiblah) Wikito Footprinting Tool Web Data Extractor Tool Additional Footprinting Tools Whois Nslookup Extract DNS Information Types of DNS Records Necrosoft Advanced DIG Locate the Network Range ARIN Traceroute Traceroute Analysis 3D Traceroute (http://www.d3tr.de/) Tool: NeoTrace (Now McAfee Visual Trace) GEOSpider (http://www.delorme.com/professional/geospider/) Geowhere Footprinting Tool (http://www.geowhere.net/) Google Earth Tool: VisualRouteShow MoreRelatedAre Computer Hacker Break Ins Ethical? 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Why Courage Matters Free Essays

McCain mean by saying that â€Å"without courage all virtue Is fragile†? It means that If we lack courage to hold on to our beliefs In the moment of testing, no just when everybody agrees with our opinion but also when they go against opposition, then our beliefs are superficial and weak and add nothing to our self respect for our virtues. Explain the concept of moral courage using an example. Is it different from physical courage? Moral courage: Is the ability to act rightly In the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, or discouragement. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Courage Matters or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is the courage many people face on an everyday basis, always doing what Is right regardless of the consequences faced. Most people have a hard time doing the right thing when doing the opposite Is easier matter how hard It Is, and regardless of being Judged. This Is mostly because of human nature to care for their selves before others. For example, a group of guys walk down the street and watch a man’s wallet fall from his pocket. The right thing to do is pick it up and return it back to the man. Because, there are a group of guys the better option is to walk away with the wallet. Therefore, your moral courage is questioned. All it takes is one person taking a stand for doing the right thing. Physical courage is familiar to many people: is courage in the face of physical pain, hardship, death, or threat of death. For example, when a building is caught on fire, people call the fire department. Firefighters run Inside that building regarding their fatty to help and protect the people trapped Inside. Regardless of the situation they make sure the people are safe, and sometimes losing their lives to save a stranger. Putting their lives on the line, not to overpower or harm others, but to serve and protect them. In these actions they deserve much respect for their hard work and dedication to serving others. What does McCain mean by â€Å"doing one’s nearest duty’? Does the fact that McCain is a high-profile politician add an element to that idea? Explain why or why not? It means that we should always strive to comply with our responsibilities and duties in every aspect of life. For five years, McCain was a POP in Vietnam. At one point he was offered his freedom but chose to stay behind with his fellow soldiers. That decision resulted In torture by his captors. Evaluate Moccasin’s decision In terms of physical and moral courage, and the concept of ones’ nearest duty. † resulted on more physical pain and torture. This action shows and represents mental courage and a sense of responsibility towards his personal duties. How to cite Why Courage Matters, Papers

Integrating Accounting Software and Payment Processing Systems

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Accounting Software and Payment Processing Systems. Answer: Introduction Accounting software is a type of computer software, which is used by the accounting professionals in order to manage accounts as well as for performing various operations of accounting (Hingorani, Beasley and Bradford 2015). Accounting software is used in both small and large-scale enterprises. According to Gebhartet al.(2013), implementation and development of accounting software in small business are very much reasonable. The adoption of accounting software in various industries creates number of challenges due to insufficient abilities of users in accounting section. This particular assignment describes the historical background and its market share including benefits of a particular accounting information software in Australia namely Xero. It is utilized for performing various operations related with accounts in small enterprises of Australia. The assignment reviews various literatures of Xero in order to discuss the history, adoption, development procedures of the accounting software and their competitive advantages. History of Xero in Australia It is stated by Kosalge and Ritz(2015), that when Rod Dury and some of these accountants realized that the traditional desktop accounting software is not up to date then they started implementing cloud based accounting software. In this way, Rod Dury founded Xero in order to keep the accounting software updated. It was officially founded in Wellington in the year 2006 (Hingorani, Beasley and Bradford 2015). The organization enters the market of Australia in the year 2008. The accounting software mainly reflects on the market of Australia for developing Xero in the market. Adoption and Development of Xero It is stated by Erturk and Fail (2015), that for proper as well as efficient development of Xero in the market of Australia, millions of dollars are invested. After researching for 12 months, it is found that almost 60% of the business of Australia is dependent on cloud computing. The business of Australia is preferring cloud computing due to some on the unique features (Dunbar, Laing and Wynder 2016). The accounting software Xero is adopted by the users of Australia, as the software is fully dependent on cloud. Figure1: Stages of development of Xero (Source: Muratovski 2016, pp-46) The development process of Xero occurs in several steps. Firstly, the Xero accounting software was developed in as working software so that the software becomes easy for people for the use of the people. After then a prototype specification is provided as the blueprint of Xero in the development process (Trivedi and Gangwar 2013). In order to achieve efficiency and effectiveness the prototyping specification is communicated in the form of documentation. This is also done in order to avoid misunderstanding and poor implementation (Hingorani Beasley and Bradford 2015). Colors and graphics are quite important and t for developing the experience of the users. The design prettygraphics helps in making the software dramatically better and the required development time is drastically less. Market Size of Xero Accounting Software Xero accounting software has grown in a spectacular fashion in the market of Australia. It helps in providing accounting software to very small enterprises by utilizing Internet. It is opined by Wyslocka and Jelonek (2015), that the growth of the company is fully dependent on the trend of moving the business out from traditional accounting software. The organizations are expanding enormously and as a result, the revenue that is collected on a yearly basis is around $30.3 million (Trivedi and Gangwar 2013). The main reason behind the growth of the company is continuous growth in various fields of product development. The company is facing some challenges as the share started rising by 493%. The price rate of the accounting software stands at 88 times based on 12 month, which indicates it is one of the most expensive as well as significant proportion as compared to other competitors in the Australian market. It is stated by Muratovski(2016), that there is 80% rises in revenue in the year 2014 based on the current market capitalism. The acquisition of the customers and the revenue number of the accounting software is increasing by 80% (Why Xero | Xero. 2016) If the market is targeted, Xero have 19% of the market share of New Zealand and only 4% of Australia. Identification of leaders in the market of Australia The distribution of various types of accounting software is changing and it quite different from one country to another. It is used in both large and small enterprises for various accounting operations. It is considered as one of the most widely used software package in the market of Australia (business accounting software | Xero. 2016). It constitutes almost 6% of the market share of the country. It is stated by Trivedi and Gangwar (2013) that the statistical records are reflecting that the accounting software is flourishing in the market of Australia due to some of its significant features. If large business enterprises are considered then Xero accounting software is faster as well as reliable. Competitive advantage of accounting Software The accounting software Xero have some significant as well as unique features as compared to other competitors including MYOB and reckon and as a result, it faces huge competitive advantage in the market of Australia. It is opined by Muratovski(2016), that Xero accounting software is fully cloud based and as a result, it offers number of other advantages to its users. The advantages offered by Xero include accessibility and proper connection of internet (Erturk and Fail 2015). The users of Xero can access their account from anywhere at any time, which is not possible for other accounting software like MYOB, Intuit and Sage. Figure 2: Comparing different companies of accounting Software (Source: Dunbar, Laing and Wynder 2016, pp-56). The integration system of Xero is great and thus it helps in collaborating as well as encouraging other application services, which is important for improving the processes. This type of collaboration with other application services in not present in other application service. Xero contains simple as well as intuitive user interface. It is stated by Baguma et al.(2013), that the institutive user interface, which is used in the accounting software of Xero, helps in making it easier to use. Xero accounting software helps in making the processes easy as well as fast. The price of the accounting software is reasonable and therefore it is economically wise in the various markets of Australia (Hingorani Beasley and Bradford 2015).It has the capability to auto-enter data for various processes of reconciliation which other accounting software cannot. Due to this entire feature, Xero gains competitive advantage in the market of Australia. Identification of current gaps and challenges Xero have certain disadvantages due to which the accounting software faces lot of issues. The accounting software is not secure and as a result, the users have to use certain applications in order to keep their data and information safe. If Xero is not capable to maintain its security properly then it is quite important for the accounting data to be hacked by the hackers (Kosalge and Ritz 2015). One of the most significant challenges of Xero is that it cannot be accessed without internet connection. Poor internet connection does not allow the users to work on Xero efficiently properly. The file of Xero can be accessed as long as the subscription is activated. In order to have proper as well as efficient access over Xero, it is quite important to have fast internet connection. The process of automation can be avoided due to its complexity (Dunbar, Laing and Wynder 2016). If the process is used by an enterprise, then they need to train their employees. The company for accounting software supplies webinars to the users. Conclusion It can be concluded that Xero is widely used in Australia irrespective of the size of the enterprises. This is due to some of the important as well as unique features of Xero. It is analyzed that Xero can be accessed from anywhere because it is fully cloud based. There are number of challenges and gaps that the organization faces. The most important challenge that Xero have is unavailability of internet connection. The accounting software is not authenticated and as a result, the users must use strong password in order to avoid hacking of data and information. Several recommendations are also provided in the paper in order to resolve the issues which are associated with accounting software. Recommendations In order to make the utilization of Xero better, some of the suggestions that are provided include: Adding new features: It is quite important to add some new features while developing Xero accounting software. The new features not only help in benefitting the company but it also helps the international users of the software. Training: It is important for the organization to provide proper as well as effective training to the users of accounting software so that the software can be handled effectively by the users. Training also assists the workers in acquiring knowledge about the different operations of the accounting software. Authentication: The accounting software should be authenticated such that the dataand information is impossible for the hackers to hack. Development: It is very much important for Xero to develop its accounting software in the fields of design and security for benefiting the users. References Baguma, R., Myllyluoma, M., Mwakaba, N. and Nakajubi, B., 2013, September. Usability and Utility Needs of Mobile Applications for Business Management among MSEs: A Case of Myshop in Uganda. InIFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction(pp. 764-773). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. business accounting software | Xero. (2016).Xero. Retrieved 3 December 2016, from https://www.xero.com/accounting-software/ Dunbar, K., Laing, G. and Wynder, M., 2016. A Content Analysis of Accounting Job Advertisements: Skill Requirements for Graduates.The E-Journal of Business Education Scholarship of Teaching,10(1), p.58. Erturk, E. and Fail, D., 2015. Information technology in New Zealand: Review of emerging social trends, current issues, and policies.arXiv preprint arXiv:1504.07012. Gebhart, B., Glines, S.M. and Foss Jr, S.H., Norse Corporation, 2013.Systems and methods for integrating accounting software and payment processing systems. U.S. Patent Application 13/803,868. Hingorani, K., Beasley, B. and Bradford, J., 2015. Enhancing Student Learning Of Erp Configuration Through A Quickbooks Tutorial.Issues in Information Systems,16(1). Kosalge, P.U. and Ritz, E., 2015. Finding the tipping point for a CEO to say yes to an ERP: a case study.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,28(5), pp.718-738. Lim, N. and Perrin, B., 2014. Standard Business Reporting in Australia: Past, Present, and Future.Australasian Journal of Information Systems,18(3). Muratovski, G., 2016. Paradigm Shift: report on the new role of design in business and society.She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation,1(2), pp.118-139. Trivedi, S.K. and Gangwar, R., 2013. Cloud Computing: A Tool For Enhancing The Computing Power.International Journal of Information Technology Computer Sciences Perspectives,2(2), p.555. Why Xero | Xero. (2016).Xero. Retrieved 3 December 2016, from https://www.xero.com/partners/ Wyslocka, E. and Jelonek, D., 2015. Accounting in the Cloud Computing.The Online Journal of Science and Technology,5(4).

Of Mice And Men Essays (434 words) - English-language Films

Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men Many of you may think it was easy enough for George to pick up that Luger and shoot this man, Lennie, right in the back of the head. This, however, is not so. The internal conflict that George must have faced was no doubt greater than anything you can imagine. George, an angel of mercy to his good friend and confidant, Lennie Small, is not a murderer. He is quite the opposite. The care of Lennie had been placed into George's hands by a dying woman. George had promised that he would take care of Lennie, watch after him, make sure he was safe. Because the greatest danger to Lennie, George and this Aunt Clara must have known, was himself. His sheer strength and simple mindedness had gotten Lennie in trouble many times before, and then, suddenly, he had killed a woman. The blame can not be placed anywhere for this woman's death. Lennie had no idea what he had done, the only thing he knew was that George would be upset. George did not kill Lennie out of spite, not because his thoughtless, innocent, act had dashed George's hopes of having a small farm. George had to do this because the other choices were grim. Lennie could be hanged, bludgeoned and beaten by the group of ranch hands that were after him. Or, maybe worse, Lennie would have been ripped from George's side and been thrown into some horrid mental institution, a danger to himself, a danger to others. After all, if they had escaped that town there would be the next town, the next dead girl, and another gang to out run. Perhaps it is best if Lennie's last, simple thoughts were of George telling him of the land they would own and work together. George did not, after all, just go up to Lennie and shoot him, point blank in the back of the head. He painted a lovely picture for Lennie to gaze upon before Lennie died, of the vegetable garden they would plant and the rabbit hutch that Lennie would be in charge of. Also, had Lennie lived, he would have never understood why there would not be ranch, only that there would be no soft rabbits for him to tend. What George did was a duty to himself, to Lennie, to society, because they would have always been running from something to somewhere. George has suffered the most out of any of these parties involved. He has lost a good friend and companion, a rarity in these times. What he did was out of love, not malice, and he should not be prosecuted. George has to live with what he had to do. That should be enough punishment.

Definition and Examples of Back Slang

Definition and Examples of Back Slang Back slang is a form of slang in which words are spoken and/or spelled backward. According to  lexicographer Eric Partridge, back slang was popular with the costermongers (street-vendors) in Victorian London. The hallmark of their speech, Partridge said, is the frequency with which they turn words (normal or slangy) into back-slang . . .. The general rule is to spell a word backwards, and then, ideally, to employ the pronunciation approaching the closest to that often impossible arrangement of letters  (Slang Today and Yesterday, 1960). The costermongers themselves referred to back slang as kacab genals.Like rhyming slang, back slang started out as subterfuge, says MIchael Adams, but soon became language games you could play for fun (Slang: The Peoples Poetry, 2009). Examples and Observations If you really want to speak freely around those who shouldnt know your secrets, learn how to form back slang or center slang. When you are next in your local, order a top o reeb  instead of pot of beer, but hope that the bartender understands the slang, or you may be eighty-sixed for the whole kew week. Dont blame the bartender, though, who may not be the right nosper person for the bloomin emag bloomin game.(Michael Adams,  Slang: The Peoples Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2009) Arbitrary Spelling Conventions Back slang is a language constructed on lines- I venture to hint illogical lines- of its own. The initial idea is that all words are to be pronounced backwards; for instance, instead of saying no you say on, for bad man you say dab nam. But you have not proceeded far before you find that the initial idea breaks down. Penny, reversed, would be ynnep, the back slangster says yennup. Evig em a yennup, is his version of Give me a penny. . . . It would be impossible for an English tongue to pronounce many of our words backwards. How would you pronounce night or drink backwards, leaving the spelling as it is? not to speak of more difficult examples. The result is that the back slangster adopts not only an arbitrary spelling, but also an arbitrary pronunciation of his own. (Slang. All the Year Round: A Weekly Journal Conducted by Charles Dickens, November  25, 1893) The Language of Tradesmen and ChildrenBack-slang proper, sometimes employed by barrow-boys and hawkers, and indigenous to certain trades such as the greengrocers and the butchers, where it is spoken to ensure that the customer shall not understand what is being said (Evig reh emos delo garcs deneGive her some old scrag end) consists simply of saying each word backwards, and when this is impossible saying the name of the letter instead of its sound, usually the first or the last letter, thus: Uoy nac ees reh screckin ginwosh (You can see her knickers showing). An Enfield master reports that he found at least half a dozen boys who could talk it quickly.(Iona and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. Oxford University Press, 1959) Secret Languages Secret languages . . . have an obvious appeal for those who have something to hide. One language used by African slaves, called TUT, was based on phonetics, and used to help teach children to read. Victorian market traders, meanwhile, are thought to have dreamed up back slang- in which a word is spoken backwards, giving us yob for boyin order to single out customers on whom to palm off shoddy goods. (Laura Barnett, Why We All Need Our Own Secret Slang. The Guardian [UK], June 9, 2009) A 19th-Century Report on Back Slang This back language, back slang, or kacab genals, as it is called by the costermongers themselves, is supposed to be regarded by the rising generation of street-sellers as a distinct and regular mode of intercommunication. People who hear this slang for the first time never refer words, by inverting them, to their originals; and the yanneps, esclops, and nammows, are looked upon as secret terms. Those who practice the slang soon obtain a considerable stock vocabulary, so that they converse rather from the memory than the understanding. Amongst the senior costermongers, and those who pride themselves on their proficiency in back slang, a conversation is  often sustained for a whole evening- that is, the chief words are in the back slang- especially if any flats are present whom they wish to astonish or confuse. . . The back slang has been in vogue for many years. It is . . . very easily acquired, and is principally used by the costermongers and others who practice it . . . for communicating the secrets of their street tradings, the cost of and profit on goods, and for keeping their natural enemies, the police, in the dark.(The Slang Dictionary: Etymological, Historical, and Anecdotal, rev. ed.,  1874)

Music Censorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Music Censorship - Research Paper Example By the end of the 1950’s, the new generations had already begun expressing their new perceptions on the issues of sex, drugs and violence thereby bringing the need for censorship in music. The issues of sex and drugs no longer became secret but were openly talked about thereby making censorship in music vital. The musicians in America can save their communities’ morals and their money if the country had an efficient legal system that included stringent laws against censoring music by discarding racial motivations in their music. The legislation of anti-racist laws by the government may also play an important role in helping to curb the matter. For example, with the onset of rhythm and blues music that is greatly associated with black musicians, the issues of sex and drug use became more openly spoken about. The majority of the white population reportedly perceived this music as being responsible for the drug’s use and violence found among the black youths. In reg ards to these accusations and trends, many songs by various black artists have been banned and termed as controversial, and they should, therefore, discard these lyrics. This is because such content will prevent the young people from leading ethical lives while at the same time affecting them negatively in their growth. With the song the ’pill’ by Lynn Loretta in the year 1975, many radio stations banned this music though it led to the growing popularity of contraception among the youth and an increase in unsafe sexual practices within their community.... blues music that is greatly associated with black musicians, the issues of sex and drug use became more openly spoken about (Johnson & Cloonan, 2009). The majority of the white population reportedly perceived this music as being responsible for the drug’s use and violence found among the black youths. In regards to these accusations and trends, many songs by various black artists have been banned and termed as controversial, and they should therefore discard these lyrics (Nuzum, 2001). Musicians should avoid producing music that will instill fear among their young listeners. This is because such content will prevent the young people from leading ethical lives while at the same time affecting them negatively in their growth. For instance, with the song the ’pill’ by Lynn Loretta in the year 1975, many radio stations banned this music though it led to the growing popularity of contraception among the youth and an increase in unsafe sexual practices within their com munity. These activities in turn lead to unwanted pregnancies and life threatening diseases which become very expensive to their guardians and the system as a whole (Burns, 2004). The issues of speech freedom are protected through the first amendment made on the American constitution. The censorship of music within the United States has brought forth suppression in public communication and speeches made by several individuals or groups. The freedoms awarded to the American society regarding their speeches have also brought controversies and contests. For example, during the cold war era numerous anti-communist sentiments were allowed and hate speeches as long as the speaker did not incite other people to indulge in illegal activities, which raised controversy (Johnson & Cloonan, 2009). The first amendment

Research essay Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Essay - Research Paper Example Engineering is a special stream of implementing scientific concepts for the ease of mankind. From manufacturing a pen to the building of mega structures, like skyscrapers and mammoth naval vessels, engineering has been a technique to stride over decades by one simple innovation and invention. As sciences are attributed for being a self correcting knowledge, engineering has been a practical example. It involves risks and stakes that can cost even thousands of lives, and at the same time it can help millions of lives to live well. As it is seen, even today, that people are prone to the results of their tests and trials in the field of engineering, disasters sometimes become complementary. It is therefore necessary to analyze one such epitome that can provide an example of what was deemed and what was harvested. In modern times uncalled for events do occur. They somehow manage to escape in depth analysis and scrutiny for contingencies. A system that is aimed for the sake of ease of mank ind goes out of control and costs people dearly, should be thoroughly studies from different angles in order to be avoided in future. One such event of our times is discussed here. The event, which will be discussed, is a major engineering failure that reminds every engineer of the outcomes of an under-engineered system design. Case of â€Å"Chernobyl disaster, that gobbled heavy life toll and exposed many to nuclear radiation, is one of the biggest examples of modern times†. (NEA) The Soviets were in charge of the site and its operations and they were in the know about the potential nuclear hazards that could kick off anytime during its operation. As known for their use of crude technology and low level of quality assurance in engineering sector, Soviets took the issue trivially. â€Å"On 26th April, 1986, the nuclear plant that was inducted with low quality and under-engineered steam turbines and fissile material, started malfunctioning†. (safetycouncil.org.nz) This malfunctioning was of very serious nature as the steam turbines showed a stark increase in revolution due to spike in uranium fission reaction. Soon the steam turbines started reaching its maximum revolution capacity and blew up with a thud. The explosion engrossed fissures in the main core which started melting. Eventually the whole core melted and the proximity areas caught fire. The bursting of core emanated tremendous radioactive waves and particles that in the form of a radioactive fallout engulfed large swathes of USSR (Ionizing Radiation, 23). Region in a circle of more than a hundred miles was immersed in this catastrophic fall out. A cost of â€Å"Ruble 18 billion was spent and around 500,000 rescue workers and volunteers started emergency operations in the radiation stricken area†. The failure to comprehend the sensitivity of advance engineering practices to ensure nuclear core development is what is being said as the main reason for such a big loss (Yamada, 4). An answer to the question of what actually went wrong with the nuclear reactor is now clear. International organizations like IAEA have been able to formulize basic requisite for the development and deployment of such facilities. The engineering field has been given a specialized faculty of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Management to ensure fidelity with the international practices of engineering. An analysis shows that there was â€Å"no energy-spike-control mechanism†. (secondsfromdisaster.net) Further the boilers and steam turbines were not segregated from

Improving Risk Perception in Adolescent Motorcycle Drivers

Improving Risk Perception in Adolescent Motorcycle Drivers Could Risk Perception Abilities of Adolescence Motorcycle Drivers (Motorcyclist) be Improved Through the Distance Perception Psycho-education Program? Guritnaningsih A. Santoso, Lucia R. Mursitolaksmi, Dewi Maulina Abstract The number of motorcyclists on the highway increased rapidly from year to year. The Central Bureau of Statistics recorded the number of motorcycles in 2010, 8.7 million units, rising to 9.8 million units in 2011, and became 10.8 million units in 2012. That means, there is an addition of 1 million units of motorcycles per year (Kompas, 11 November 2013). The impact of the number of motorcycle riders is a wide range of traffic problems as a result of hazardous motorcycle driver behavior manifested as high rate of motorcycle accidents. Motorcycle accidents are the biggest contributor to traffic accidents, as many as 60-77% in the period 2008-2012 (Maharani, 2012; Department of Transportation, 2010). Directorate General of Land Transportation, Ministry of Transportation noted 11,140 drivers and passengers of two or three-wheeled vehicles died in traffic accidents in 2010. Average motorcycle accident threatens 20,000 people per year, or 55 people per day, or about two people every hour. T he cause of the accident on a motorcycle can be derived from the characteristics of the engine, the road environment and driver’s behavior (Houston, 2011). Among these three factors, the behavior of the driver is important to note, because 70-90% of accidents are caused by human factors and behaviors associated with the driver (Hole, 2007; â€Å"Januari-Oktober 935 orang tewas,† 2011; Shinar, 1978; Ullerberg Rundmo, 2003; Yilmaz Celik, 2004). In psychological studies of traffic, there are three perspectives used to explain the behavior of driving. These perspectives are: the perspective of personality, cognitive perspective, and social perspectives (Ullerberg Rundmo, 2003). Among the above three perspectives, the cognitive perspective has not been the focus of much research. Whereas the cognitive aspects that include perception, attention, or the attention of the relevant matters around, concentration, ability to process information and make decisions is very important in driving activity. Those various aspects of cognitive are important to always be active when driving because individuals are facing situations in which highway environment is constantly changing. One of the cognitive aspects that play a major role in determining the dangerous driving behavior is the perception of risk. Chung Wong, 2011; Guritnaningsih et al, 2011; Wong et al., 2010 found that the perception of risk is a significant predictor of risky dr iving behavior. According to Cohen, et al (1995, in Machin Sankey, 2008), there is a negative relationship between risk perception and risky driving behavior, in which the perception of risk (hazard) against a low driving conditions will be followed by the higher possibility to display the driving behavior dangerous. Perception of risk in driving is â€Å"the subjective experience of risk in potential traffic hazards† (Deery, 1999). This means that risk perception is individual. Nevertheless, various studies have shown that the perception of risk in young adults is generally low. They will perceive a dangerous driving situation as low-risk. They will perceive a dangerous driving situation as low-risk. This is because of two main things, namely the lack of experience in driving skills or lack of processing information, and age factor related to lifestyle (Mayhew et al., 2008). Young adulthood is a period where they are easily provoked emotionally and fun sensation seeking. Th e research that has been conducted by researchers found that risky behaviors while driving, such as calling, moving lane, and speeding are assessed by participants as behavior that is not hazardous (Guritnaningsih et al., 2011). These findings corroborate the results that the young drivers risk perception is low. When driving on the highway, the various situations faced are almost entirely received visual information (Shinar, 2007). Errors of perception (perception errors) are one of the causes of the accident on a motorcycle, which occurred because the driver failed to detect a dangerous condition (Tunnicliff, 2006). To be able to drive safely among other vehicles required the ability of visual perception in the form of perceptual distance (distance perception). Rizania, Guritnaningsih, Maulina (2010) in a study on the effect of distance perception on the young adulthood motorcycle driver found that dangerous overtaking behavior (weaving behavior) is influenced by perceptual judgment of distance. Assessment of distance (distance perception) may be one of the causes of the occurrence of motorcycle accident. (Pai, 2011). When the driver is mistakenly or unable to ensure a safe distance before deciding to overtake another vehicle, it can cause accidents (Shinar, 2007; Tunnicliff, 2006). This s hows that an error in assessing the safety distance may result in lower risks assessment and perform risky or unsafe motor driving behavior. Assessing distance cannot be separated from assessing speed; the two are closely related to one another. In receiving stimulus on the distance and speed the driver will perceive it as safe or unsafe distance. For example, for a vehicle speed of 30 km / h, the relatively safe distance is 4 meters, while for the vehicle speed of 40 km / h the safe distance is 8 meters, and so forth (Suryajaya, 1995). According to Sanders and McCormick (1993) accurate assessment of the time, distance and speed is needed to maneuver in a secure way. Rosenbloom, Shahar, Elharar, and Danino (2008) suggests that the driver, especially novice drivers must develop the ability to reduce hazard risk perceptions in a variety of road situations. Results of previous studies on the ability of risk perception shows that risk perception can be enhanced through the provision of training (Rosenbloom, Shahar, Elharar, and Danino, 2008); Horswill, Kemala, and Wetton; Scialfa, and Pachana, 2010). Referring to previous stu dies that show the effectiveness of training programs to improve the skills of risk perception, researcher sees the need to develop training programs on danger on the highway for motorcyclists who often displayed hazardously behavior in big cities in Indonesia, namely the behavior of slipping and overtaking other vehicles. Specifically this study wanted to test whether provision psycho-education program on recognition distance perception is significantly effective in lowering the risk perception scores of adolescence motorcycle driver. Method Participants There were 60 male adolescences in this study. The mean age was 17.12 (SD = 0.329) with a range between 17-19 years. More than half respondents (22.4 percent) had been riding motorcycle for 3-5 years, 17.2 percent had been driving for more than 5 years and the rest (10.3 percent) had been riding for 1-2 years. Male adolescence motorcycle drivers have been chosen because they are inexperienced motorcyclists and tend to drive dangerously. In addition, male riders more often display dangerously behavior than women riders. Participants in this study were drawn from secondary school i.e. SMAN 38. Measures and Apparatus The instruments used were: 1) a video film about riding a motorcycle on the highway, which is made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹up of 10 scenarios, with details of 5 scenarios that describe the behavior of line splitting and 5 scenarios that describe the behavior of overtaking. Highway situation for all five scenarios in each type of motor driving behavior (i.e. line splitting and overtaking) varied according to variables: time of the day, weather, speed, distance, and type of road (one-way vs. two ways). Psycho-education program contains information on three common dangerous behaviors of motorcyclists, i.e. the splitting line and overtaking. The information provided includes: (a) the definition of each type of behavior, i.e. slip, and overtaking another vehicle, (b) the factors that influence the driving behavior of the motorcyclists, (c) the importance of the perception of a safe distance, and (d) risks/dangers of unsafe driving hatched. Psycho-education program was presente d to the participants with audio along with presentation in the form of PowerPoint, and also video footage of line splitting and overtaking to serve as an example of behavior. 3) Questionnaire, containing items that measure the perception of distance, namely by asking the estimation of the distance between the motor and the driven vehicle nearby, as perceived by the participants. The measuring instrument also contained items to assess how much is the risk to have an accident if the partisipants do the splitting line and overtaking. Measurements were performed using a Visual Analogue, in which participants were asked to visualize the assessment of the risks in a continuum line with range 0-100 percent. The questionnaire also tapped into demographic information such as age, riding experience, and accident experience. Procedure Preparation Phase Prior to the experiment, the researchers had conducted two activities. The first activity was Focus Group Discussion to investigate the push and the hamper factors of unsafe riding motorcycle, especially for doing line splitting and overtaking, and also the role of distance perception on riding behavior. The result of Focus Group Discussion was used to develop film scenarios concerning riding motorcycle on the road. There were 14 film scenarios that consist of 7 scenarios representing road situation and a motorcyclist that intend to do line splitting, and 7 scenarios representing road situation and a motorcyclist that intend to do line overtaking. The scenarios of road situation were varied in several variables, i.e. weather variable (clear vs rainy), time of day (afternoon vs night), type of road (one-way street vs two-way street), distance between vehicles in front or beside the motorcycle (2.5 meter or less vs 2.5 meter or more), and speed of the motorcycle (20-30 km/hour vs 50-60 km/hour). The film was developed in real situation to make the measurement of distance perception and risk perception more natural. The cameraman shot the road situations using Yamaha Vixion, 150 cc motorcycle, year 2012. They were using the equipment as follows: Camera Canon EOS 60D; Logger: HP Huawei Ascend P1; and Monopod Manfrotto. After the pictures have been collected, they were then edited and assembled into a movie. Editing were done using a computer set with following specification: CPU: 2-GHz Intel Core i7-2630QM; OS: windows 7 home premium (64 bit); RAM: 8 GB; Hard Drive: 750 GB SATA; Display size: 15.6 inch; Resolution 1920 x 1080 pixels; Optical drive: Bluray/DVD; Graphic card: Nvidia Ge Force GT 540M; Video Memory: 2GB. The film then validated using face validity approach, to ensure that the road situations had been represented each scenario. Experimental phase From a list of 98 students in a senior high school in Depok area that met the sample criteria the researchers took 60 students using random number in SPSS program and divided the selected students into two groups (experimental group vs control group) by randomization technique, each group consists of 30 students. Both experimental group and control group was measured two times, pre-test and post-test. Between the pre-test and the post-test the experiment groups of students were given psycho-education program, whereas at the same time the control group was asked to watch a short film. Therefore, the study design for this study is experimental laboratory and the design called randomized two groups before and after design. Results Comparative analysis was used to examine the effect of psycho-education program concerning distance perception on motorcyclists’ risk perception in riding their motorbike. To test the equality between experimental and control group comparison had been made. Referensi Motor, Solusi Macet Sekaligus Petaka http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2013/11/11/0953518/Motor.Solusi.Macet.Sekaligus.Petaka. Senin, 11 November 2013. 1

Earl of Warwick in revolt against Edward IV by 1469 Essay

Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick has been labelled by historic tradition, with some justification, as the ‘kingmaker’. It is with his support that Edward IV was able claim the throne from Henry VI, Warwick’s support during the Wars of the Roses, and especially at the Battle of Towton was vital in putting the first Yorkist king on the throne. It is clear that he was instrumental in Edwards rise to the throne, however his contribution has sometimes been overemphasised. Pickering suggests that their alliance in taking the throne was equal, the victories Edwards own and even that Edward seemed more adept in battle than his ally. He says â€Å"Edward was neither ‘made’ by Warwick, nor controlled by him.† Nevertheless, his relationship with Richard, both as an ally and a friend, must have been very good. What lead him then, less than a decade later, to revolt against Richard in support of the exiled Henry VI? The first thing to understand about Warwick was his character and to see that it was pure ambition that drove him. With the romanticism that the epithet â€Å"Kingmaker† implies, one could picture him as the noble-knight. However he seems to have far from the vignette that is perceived from the word â€Å"Kingmaker†. Keen says of him â€Å"Warwick was not a wholly attractive character. His temper was short, and when thwarted he was sullenly unforgiving.† The Old English Chronicle (edited by T.Hearne) describes the unquenched ambition that drove him â€Å"his insatiable mind could not be content†¦there was none in England who was before him or who owned half the possessions that he did†¦yet he desired more†. It is with the possessions and the patronage that Richard Neville’s grievances with the king started to appear. Edward IV, as previously explained, came to the throne very much as Warwick’s protà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. He must have thought that with Edward on the throne he would have a controlling influence over the king, and with this influence the obvious power he so desired. Warwick was rewarded handsomely for his continued support, given titles and territories such as Captain of Calais, admiral of England and constable of Dover Castle, all of which were very important (and powerful) posts. He was by far the mightiest of Richards subjects, however he lacked the monopoly of Royal power that he yearned for, as royal patronage was (rightfully) extended to other leading Yorkists. Most prominently was Warwick’s stewardship of the duchy of Lancaster, given to Lord Hastings, and the lieutenancy of Southern Wales which was given to the recently knighted, Sir William Herbert. Despite this set back for Warwick, he still was in full support of Edward, and to some extent had control of Edwards thinking. Edward was still a relatively young king, and Warwick was there for advice, and with help in making decisions. Warwick’s support was also necessary for Edward, as his kingship was still under-threat in the north and west by Margaret of Anjou’s continued attempts to re-instate her husband to the throne. This drove Edward and Warwick together further more during the early years of Edwards reign, and indeed in 1462 Warwick seemed to have won a decisive battle for Edward. He forced the lords in Bramburgh (including Somerset and Sir Ralph Percy) to surrender to Edwards allegiance, on the condition that their lands were re-instated. Although this was not the final problems Edward faced from the Lancastrian supporters during his reign, it showed that in 1462, Warwick was firmly behind Edward as King of Britain. A factor which historians have usually put forward as a major cause of Warwick’s treachery is Edwards’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. In 1464, Warwick was, to further the kings alliance to France, arranging a marriage between the King and a French Princess. In the final stages of these arrangements, on 14th September 1464, Edward revealed to Warwick and the rest of his assembled nobles at the council in Reading, that he was already married to Elizabeth. The assembled magnets were stunned and horrified at the news, and it especially hurtful to Warwick who’s embarrassment over the whole French alliance marriage affair must have been huge. The chronicle of the time (Edited by J.Warkworth), says that after the announcement â€Å"(The Earl of Warwick was) greatly displeased with the king†¦And yet they were reconciled several times; but they never loved each other afterwards† One must however beware of putting, as traditionally been done, too much emphasise on this marriage as a turning point in the relationships between Edward IV and Richard Neville. It is certainly a major factor in the breakdown of their relationship, however one must take into account that it occurred five years before Warwick’s revolt, and Warwick, at least publicly, still supported the king during these years. Having said this, Richards marriage, though romantic and loving, was a serious, irresponsible mistake for a king to make. Elizabeth was, by Richards’s standards, a commoner. Edward was the first king since the Norman Conquest to marry a commoner; however this was not really the problem it was that he missed out on strengthening his position as king by arranging a more political marriage. Furthermore by marrying a Woodville, he alienated his other major noble families, especially the Neville’s. The Woodvilles, much to Warwick’s and others annoyance, managed with this marriage to promote their family to the upper echelons of the English aristocracy. It also enabled them to marry off some of their ‘lesser relations’ to be married to either nobility or families of a very high standing which further enhanced their political position. The marriage did have significant repercussions for the relationship of Edward and Richard, however Keen points out, that rather than the damage the marriage itself caused, it was the undermining of Warwick’s plans that led to their relationship, â€Å"If the marriage of the king put a period to his friendly association with Warwick-and it did-this was not, it would seem, because of its domestic repercussions, but because it was a direct challenge to Warwick’s continual diplomacy.† It was not, as the quotation states, because of the repercussions of the marriage domestically that Warwick felt aggrieved, rather it was because it aired publicly and formally for the first time Edwards’s difference in opinion with Warwick about the foreign policy that they should employ. It was clear from Warwick’s failed attempt to marry Richard off to a French Princess that Warwick was in favour of Edward forming an alliance with England’s traditional enemies, the French. Indeed, he had been in regular contact with Louis XI of France, in an attempt to broker an alliance between France and England. Richard, conversely, wanted put his support in his present enemy, the Burgundians. This was a contentious issue for the King to deal with, his leading advisor, whose protà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, he was, had completely antithetical views upon the very important issue of foreign relations, and it was hear that Edward proved that he was no longer dependent, or felt indebt of Warwick. He favoured the Burgundian option, and ignoring Richards’s pressure, he applied for and was granted a double subsidiary from the parliament to help support the Burgundians and ‘revive English continental ambitions’. Edward was maturing into his own king and he began to take more and more control over the running of the kingdom. Conversely of course, Richard Nevilles influence over the king was rapidly diminishing, and with this influence the power he so lusted after. It was this Maturity, and the lack of power that Warwick was afforded that ultimately, I believe led to Warwicks treachery. He had, when Edward was young, influenced and controlled the King. He had had his power that his personality demanded, however as Edward matured he started to take things into his own hands, which Richard, having tasted power, could not take. To make matters worse for Richard, power was being taken away from him and given to other nobility. His siblings were being passed over for marriage that was being afforded to others, and although his brother, George Neville, was enthroned as archbishop of York in September 1465, he felt his and his families power-base was faltering. It was here that Warwick decided to act, for the first time, against the king, in an attempt to enhance his standing. Firstly Warwick continued to negotiate with Louis XI. Keen describes Warwick’s actions, â€Å"For four years he instead continued to pursue with Louis’s encouragement what was in effect a private diplomacy of his own, independent and opposed to that of the king† He was effectively siding against his own king, believing the French to be more powerful than the Burgundians and also enhancing his own power-base if he ever wanted to challenge the king (which he goes onto do). At much the same time, however, Warwick was engineering the marriage, against the Kings wishes, of his daughter, Isabel, to the king’s younger brother and presumptive heir, George, Duke of Clarence. He would, if this marriage went ahead, become immediately more powerful, and a pose a threat to the Woodville’s dominance. Clarence, like Warwick, was extremely ambitious and would do almost anything to further his own cause. By the spring of 1469 Warwick and Clarence were in league with one another and also with Louis XI to undermine the Woodville’s, and possibly to over throw the king. Pickering says â€Å"Clarence encouraged Warwick to turn against the King and helped spread the rumour that his brother was not Duke Richard’s son but the bastard of an archer called Blaybourne† This rumour was almost certainly unfounded, yet both risked turning against their own king They did this for their own gain, one with the view of taking his brothers place as king, the other with the view to once again controlling the king himself. Thus in July 1469, Clarence defied his brother’s wishes and married Isabel and on the 12th July, Warwick, with the support of his brother Archbishop Neville and George, Duke of Clarence, published the ‘Calais Manifesto’.

Data Collection Relating to Personal Information and Purchase Behaviours †a Consumer Perspective

Data collection relating to personal information and purchase behaviours – a consumer perspective. Every individual to a certain percentage values their privacy. Differentiating factors amongst various individuals could be their cultural background, social environment, literacy and general awareness amongst others. Advancements in technology leading to development of secret cameras for instantaneous photographs, discount cards that store your purchase information, and scanners, have also contributed to this invasion of privacy. Database marketing assist marketers to record actual purchase behaviours of customers and hence help them monitor and tailor their promotions towards the customer’s interests. Also on the internet a customer is required to fill in certain information before they can make their purchases online. This in turn forms the basis of data capturing by the retailers; these information could be sold to marketers for their promotion purposes. Sheehan and Hoy, (2000) suggests that if customers are compensated for the use of their data, it could make them see the infringement in another way, and they may not likely term it as a privacy invasion. Such is in the case of discount cards which are data capturing instruments, but give customer a certain percentage of discount to compensate for their unknowing loss of anonymity. Consumer demography and correlation with privacy concerns Many researches carried out on this topic, though limited has shown some interesting views. The findings of Wang and Petrison (1993) for example and some other researchers are summarised below: – older people showed more concern about financial privacy than younger ones; – younger people were more aware that their data were being collected than older people – younger ones were more concerned about the benefits they would derive from giving out such information; – coloured people were less concerned; – inner city residents were less concerned; lower than average income earners were less concerned about their privacy information, but paid more attention to the compensation attached; – high income earners have more awareness and are more concerned about their privacy; – females exhibit more concern than males about their consumer privacy issues. (Graeff & Harmon, 2002). Many people find it quite easier to produce many demographic data such as age, marital status, occupation and education than to produce that which deals with the ir finances, health and criminal records. But this also depends on to whom the information is revealed and how it would be used. For example, if you are opening a checking/loan account with BankPHB plc where I work, you may be required to give details of your financial statement, personal income/pay slip, a utility bill showing evidence of your residence, your social security number or national identification number as the case may be, your health/life insurance policy and so many more in case you want access to a loan. Data of such private information could be given out to law enforcement agencies should the individual be suspected of having any involvement in money laundering or other criminal offences. Usually medical records are produced by job applicants at the point of entry for screening purposes. Consumer behaviour as regards online purchases and privacy. On internet purchases many people do not feel comfortable giving out their credit card details online, while some are just not bothered about it, but research has shown that less than a quarter of internet users feel insecure with credit card online purchases and more people prefer to use it in stores, or for telephone purchases (Graeff & Harmon, 2002). Most people do not know how their data is used and even when they do know, it seldom influences their purchasing behaviour, especially if they are high income earners, such that they still go about their normal purchasing. Consumers feel they ought to be informed and have control on how marketers use information about their buying habits; some also feel that government should regulate such uses (Graeff & Harmon, 2002). Although legal sanctions for misuse of consumer information are now in place, many marketers still ignore this and continue the practise. But it is inevitable that marketers must put a balance between their quest for information from market researches and making their customers feel comfortable doing business with them. Thearling (1998) in his work on data mining technology condemns the violation of the customer’s right to privacy of his information. For instance if you give your details solely for the purpose of making a credit card purchase and it is used for any other secondary purpose such as data mining, then it is a serious offence. The primary purpose of data collection must be clearly understood by the customer, with an option to opt out of the disclosure of such data in place. He gave an example of the CVS drug store who continually called customers up when their subscription was due for the use of Elensys. Obviously they got the data through data mining of patients’ medical data from hospitals or previous purchases. Personally, I feel this issue should be deeply addressed and should be sanctionable to make consumers more comfortable doing their businesses without fear of losing their privacy. References: Graeff, T. R. and Harmon S. (2002) Collecting and using personal data: Consumers’ awareness and concerns. Journal of Consumer Marketing. Vol. 19 No. 4 pp302-318. Available from: http://www. emeraldinsight. com. ezproxy. liv. c. uk/0736-3761. htm Accessed: September 10, 2009. Thearling, K. (1998) Data Mining and Piracy: A conflict in the making? Available online from: http://www. thearling. com/text/dsstar/privacy. htm/ Accessed 16th September 2009. Sheehan, K. B. and Hoy, M. G. (2000), â€Å"Dimensions of privacy concern among online consumers†. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. Vol. 19 No. 1. pp 62-73. Wang, P. and Petrison, L. A. (1993), â€Å"Direct marketi ng activities and personal privacy†. Journal of Direct Marketing. Vol. 7 No. 1, pp 7-19.

Who Invented the Baby Carriage

The baby carriage was invented in 1733 by English architect William Kent. It was designed for the 3rd Duke of Devonshires children and was basically a childs version of a horse-drawn carriage. The invention  would become popular with upper-class families. With the original design, the baby or child was seated on a shell-shaped basket atop a wheeled carriage. The baby carriage was lower to the ground and smaller, allowing it to be pulled by a goat, dog or small pony. It had spring suspension for comfort.   By the mid-1800s, later designs substituted handles for parents or nannies to pull the carriage rather than using an animal to carry it. It was typical for these to be forward-facing, like many baby strollers in modern times.  The childs view, however, would be of the rear end of the person doing the pulling. Baby Carriages Come to America Toy manufacturer Benjamin Potter Crandall marketed the first baby carriages manufactured in America in the 1830s. His son Jesse Armour Crandall received patents for many improvements that included a brake, a folding model and parasols to shade the child. He also sold doll carriages. American Charles Burton invented the push design for the baby carriage in 1848. Now parents didnt have to be draft animals anymore and instead could push the forward-facing carriage from behind. The carriage was still shaped like a shell. It wasnt popular in the United States, but he was able to patent it in England as a perambulator, which would thereafter be called the pram. William H. Richardson and the Reversible Baby Carriage African American inventor William H. Richardson patented an improvement to the baby carriage in the United States on June 18, 1889. It is U.S. patent number 405,600. His design ditched the shell shape for a basket-shaped carriage that was more symmetrical. The bassinet could be positioned to face either out or in and rotated on a central joint. A limiting device kept it from being rotated more than 90 degrees. The wheels also moved independently, which made it more maneuverable. Now a parent or nanny could have the child face them or face away from them, whichever they preferred, and change it at will. The use of prams or baby carriages became widespread among all economic classes by the 1900s. They were even given to poor mothers by charitable institutions. Improvements were made in their construction and safety. Going for a stroll with a child was believed to have benefits by providing light and fresh air. Owen Finlay Maclarens Aluminum Umbrella Stroller Owen Maclaren was an aeronautical engineer who designed the undercarriage of the Supermarine Spitfire before retiring in 1944. He designed a lightweight baby stroller when he saw that designs at the time were too heavy and unwieldy for his daughter, who had recently become a new mother. He filed for British patent number 1,154,362 in 1965 and US patent number 3,390,893 in 1966. He manufactured and marketed the baby stroller through the Maclaren brand. It was a popular brand for many years.